What is Benzalkonium Chloride?
Benzalkonium Chloride (BKC) is a chemical compound belonging to the family of quaternary ammonium compounds. It is a cationic surfactant and a non-oxidizing biocide widely used for its antimicrobial, disinfectant, and preservative properties.
Main Properties
- Chemical formula: variable, generally a mixture of alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chlorides
- Appearance: clear to slightly yellow liquid
- Solubility: soluble in water, ethanol, and acetone
- Antimicrobial activity: bactericidal, fungicidal, virucidal (effective against certain enveloped viruses)
Common Uses
- Disinfectant in hospitals, laboratories, and food industry
- Preservative in pharmaceutical products (e.g., eye drops, nasal sprays)
- Antimicrobial agent in cosmetic products (shampoos, gels, lotions)
- Household and industrial cleaners (disinfectants, antibacterial sprays)
- Treatment in aquaculture to combat bacterial infections
- Veterinary disinfection (premises and equipment)
Mode of Action
BKC works by disrupting the cell membrane of microorganisms, causing leakage of essential cellular components and resulting in the death of bacterial, fungal, or viral cells.
Safety and Precautions
- Irritating to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes at high concentrations
- May cause allergic reactions in some individuals
- High environmental toxicity for aquatic organisms — requires controlled handling and disposal
- Usage is regulated in certain countries, especially for cosmetic and pharmaceutical products
Example of Formulation and Concentration
BKC is often sold in concentrated form (e.g., 50% or 80%) and diluted for safe use.
Disinfectant solutions typically contain between 0.05% and 0.2% BKC depending on the application.